JababekaBusiness.Com: March 2009

Thursday, 12 March 2009

Industrial dynamics and innovation: progress and challenges

*G.Jayalakshmi., Ph.D Scholar

INTRODUCTION

The growing field of industrial dynamics, the analysis of innovation has witnessed major progress in several areas. Contributions at the empirical and modeling levels have greater advanced our understanding of innovation, industrial dynamics and evolution of industries. A discussion follows on three key challenges that are required for a better understanding of the relationship between innovation and the evolution of industries: the analyses of demand, knowledge, networks and co evolution.

Innovation and the Evolution of Industries
The analysis of innovation and the evolution of industries have witnessed major progress in several areas. In the last years, several contributions at the empirical and modeling levels have greatly advanced our understanding of innovation, industrial dynamics and the evolution of industries. This paper reviews these contributions.

The main point of the paper is that in order to have a deeper and clearer view of the relationship between industrial dynamics and innovation, research has to progress on three fronts: the analysis of demand knowledge and networks.

1. Industrial dynamics as a growing research field
Since the late 1970s industrial dynamics has emerged as a major area of inquiry in industrial economics. The analysis of birth, growth and decline of firms and industries and the factors affecting them has generated a very rich empirical and theoretical literature and most of these contributions have recognized the central role of innovation for firms and industries.

In this Address I will start by recognizing the major recent growth of research in the area of industrial dynamics and then concentrate on the major progresses in the analysis of the relationship between industrial dynamics and innovation and on the challenges that lie ahead

In the first part of the paper I will discuss the progress, while in the second I will focus on three big research topics that I think require in-depth research scrutiny: demand, knowledge and networks. I will place a specific emphasis on a longitudinal perspective, in that it allows to focus on sequences of events, changes and feed backs in industrial dynamics. This perspective is very important not only for understanding industrial dynamics, but also for the analysis of the broader evolution of markets.

2. Industrial dynamics and innovation
Since the late 1970s, industrial dynamics has emerged as a major research area for industrial economists. the theoretical level have focused the attention of various researchers on the way industries change over time and on the dynamics processes of entry, selection and growth of firms within industries.

Within the growing interest in industrial dynamics, innovation has been recognized as a key element affecting the dynamics of industries and the rate of entry, survival and growth of firms. Looking back at the last 25 years, one has to recognize that on this front progress has been indeed impressive at both the empirical and the theoretical levels.

2.1 The empirical contributions
The empirical level, contributed to our appreciative understanding of the role of innovation in the evolution of industries, and it has shown that the relationship between innovation and industrial change is multidimensional, involves several actors and differs greatly across industries. Innovation in industries has been found to be the result of the interaction of different actors (firms, universities, public agencies, financial organizations…) which are related both formally as well informally and have actions strongly influenced by their competences, learning processes, the knowledge base of sectors and institutions. In this frame, the notion of sect oral systems of innovation has provided to be a useful tool for examining innovation in a sector

Industries have been shown to follow life cycles of innovation, firms entry and growth and changes in market structure. It has also been convincingly found that that these dynamic sequences are different from one industry to another. In addition, with the availability of advanced computer technology and new firm level data, econometric analyses have moved from cross sections work during the 1960s and 1970s to longitudinal analyses of industrial dynamics and innovation since the early 1990s

2.2 The theoretical contributions
Also at the modeling level one can find different strands of research focusing on different aspects of the relationship between industrial dynamics and innovation. Technological learning by rational actors (be incumbents or entrants or both) and the competitive process weeding out the heterogeneity in firms population characterize a set of models that aim to explain empirical regularities such as the asymmetric distribution of firm size and different growth rates conditional on age (see for example,).

Here there is passive learning and new firms do not know their own potential profitability. Major technological discontinuities create a shake out in industrial dynamics because a radical invention opens up the possibility of an increase in the efficient scale of production and in entry. Thus the transition to the new technology is associated to the exit of unsuccessful innovators and the survival of firms with larger scale technology.

On the contrary active learning by firms in industrial dynamics is present in where firms explore the economic environment, invest and, if successful, grow, so that industrial dynamics is driven by the growth of successful firms.

This results in corresponding Nash equilibrium on industry specific entry processes. Here however no attention is paid to the learning processes of firms, and less attention is also paid to industrial dynamics per se.

Another stream of models examines industry life cycle, analyzing together product and process innovations; rate and type of entrants; selection; firm size and growth; market concentration and market niches and shake outs. Finally, more attention to the specificities and histories of various industries is paid by “history friendly models”, which fall into the evolutionary tradition.

They pay attention to the evidence and the dynamics of specific industries, intend to develop a dialogue with appreciative/qualitative/historical explanations and aim to model the sequence of events that have shaped a specific industry evolution. In sum, tremendous progress in the emerging field of industrial dynamics has been obtained in both the empirical studies of innovation in industries and the modeling of industrial dynamics and innovation.

3. Which research challenges for a deeper understanding of the relationship between Industrial dynamics and innovations?
The studies examined so far focused on technological change, the dynamics of incumbents as well as new firms and changes in market structure. Technology, firms and market structure are indeed key elements in the relationship between industrial dynamics and innovation. Let me show that industrial dynamics and innovation are greatly affected by a set of other factors: demand, the knowledge base of industries and networks. One could just start by noticing that in several industries demand has been a major factor affecting industrial dynamics and innovation. In semiconductors and computers, public demand such as military procurement has been important for innovation in the early stages of the industries. In computers experimental customers have been major actors in the emergent phase of the industry.

Similarly, the knowledge at the base of firms’ innovative activities and networks has played a major role in innovation and the dynamics of several industries. For example, in telecommunication equipment and services a convergence of different technologies, demand and industries has taken place, with processes of knowledge integration. This convergence has been associated with the creation of a wide variety of different specialized and integrated actors, ranging from large equipment producers to new service firms.

In machine tools the evolution of the industry has been shaped by an application-specific knowledge base and has been characterized by extensive firms specialization In software, a highly differentiated knowledge base in which the context of application is relevant has created several different and distinctive product groups. In addition, the role of large computer suppliers in developing integrated hardware and software systems has been displaced by a lot of specialized software companies which innovate either in package software or in customized software.

User-producer interaction and global and local networks for innovation are relevant. From these empirical cases, it is quite evident that demand, the knowledge base and networks have proven to be relevant for innovation and industrial dynamics in many sectors and yet, demand, knowledge and networks are not part of most analysis of industrial economics that concern industrial dynamics and innovation. Therefore in the following pages I am going to propose them as the next three key research challenges which need to be met if we want to advance our understanding of the relationship between industrial dynamics and innovation. Let me examine them in detail.

4. Demand
The first challenge that I want to explore is the one concerning the role of demand in innovation and industrial dynamics. As a way of introduction, let me first disagree with the usual complaint that demand has not been studied in its relationships with innovation in the last decades. In the literature, we have various empirical and theoretical strands, from the old debate demand pull vs. technology push, to the analysis of demand, market structure and innovation and advertising, bandwagon and networks have been shown to be important factors in influencing the magnitude and orientation of inventive effort and the degree of industry concentration. Demand has also been related to the emergence of disruptive technologies.

Here the early development of disruptive technologies serves niche segments that value highly their non standard performance attributes. Further developments in the performance and attributes of disruptive technologies lead these technologies to a level sufficient to satisfy mainstream customers and also the whole vast literature on diffusion is nothing else than research aimed at understanding the relationship between demand and innovation.

Moreover, several contributions on diffusion concern the relationship between new technologies, demand and the changes in the structure of the supplier and the user industries. The same holds for the literature on competing technologies which pays a lot of attention to externalizations and increasing returns. Contrary to all these research developments in the realm of demand and innovation, however, the insertion of demand in the analysis of the relationship between industrial dynamics and innovation is still in its infancy.

Therefore, answers to the questions posed above start from the identification of the various dimensions of demand that affect industrial dynamics and innovation. One dimension is the well known one related to the provision of incentives to firms’ R-D expenditures and innovative efforts. Here the preferences of consumers, market differentiation and segmentation, and the size and growth of demand affect innovative efforts and therefore technical change in various ways.

In this Address I would like to add two other aspects that are relevant for innovation in industries: consumer behavior and consumer capabilities. Consumer behavior plays a major role in affecting innovation. It includes the presence of information asymmetries and imperfect information with respect to new products and technologies as well as routines, inertia and habits concerning existing products and technologies. Also consumer capabilities influence technological change in an industry: as an example one could only mention the role of absorptive capabilities and their distribution among consumers and users.

The focus on the behavior and capabilities of consumers and users opens the way for a very productive analysis of how demand affects innovation and the specific patterns of industrial dynamics. In this respect let me mention some fruitful directions. One relates to users involvement in innovation. This is a quite common phenomenon in industries. It may range from user-producer interaction to user initiated innovation.

5. Knowledge
The emphasis on (passive as well as active) learning and the role of absorptive capabilities in models and econometrics of innovation and diffusion identifies a second challenge: the analysis of the role of knowledge at the base of learning by firms in an industry and its effects on innovation and industrial dynamics.

However I remain rather positive in the use of patent citations in providing some evidence of a paper trail about knowledge links, and in describing some features of knowledge and knowledge networks in an industry, as flows of knowledge can be captured by patent citations even when inventors are unaware of those citations.

In sum, the research challenge regarding knowledge implies that a given knowledge base defines the nature of the problems firms have to solve, affects the division of labour in an industry and influences market structure and in a dynamic fashion, the very knowledge base of industries also changes as an effect of the behavior of firms and of technological change

6. Networks
Let me move to the last challenge: networks. Here with networks I do not mean network Externalizations. Rather I refer to the different relationships – cooperative and competitive, market and non market ones – that firms have with other firms and non-firm organizations when they innovative. The relevance of networks for industrial economists is due from the broad recognition that innovative activity is highly affected by the interaction of heterogeneous actors with different knowledge, competences and specialization.

Various explanations have been advanced for the importance of networks in innovation, ranging from spillovers of various types, to the presence of Variety in technologies, knowledge and capabilities, to the role of complementarity. And the relevance of networks for innovation as well as for production and exchange has been recognized by game theory, transaction cost theory and resource based theory. Models of networks among economic agents abound now, from game theoretic to small world models, including evolutionary game theory, percolation theory and neural networks. They range from static models regarding the effects of different network architectures on performance, to dynamic ones in which the structure influences individual actions and performance and attention is paid to the networks efficiency, stability and feed backs.

CONCLUSION
In this Address I have suggested that within the growing field of industrial dynamics, in the last twenty years the analysis of industrial dynamics and innovation has witnessed a rich and highly diversified set of contributions at the empirical and theoretical levels. So, progress has been substantial. The main point of the paper however is that a deeper understanding of the relationship between industrial dynamics and innovation pushes research in this area to face new challenges related to a finer grained analysis of the role of demand, knowledge and networks.

This paper has suggested that these coupled dynamics involve knowledge, technology, firms, demand and institutions. These dynamics are often path-dependent, take the form of co evolutionary processes and are industry-specific. In the three elements such as technology, demand and firms, one could claim that in sectors characterized by a system product and consumers with a rather homogeneous demand, the dynamics leads to the emergence of a dominant design and industrial concentration.

Industrial Automation – a Field That Still Needs Humans

Industrial automation is one of the few business sectors in which robots and humans interact. In this field, there's room for both individuals-humans and "humanlike" counterparts.

There are many roles in industrial automation that lie beyond the scope of an "animated character," i.e. a robot, and what they can't do, we humans can. Human-level pattern and language recognition, and language production are well beyond the capabilities of modern "mechanical people" and computer systems.

Critical tasks requiring subjective assessment or synthesis of complex sensory information including scents and sounds require a living being. High-level tasks like strategic planning still require human expertise. Even more reassuring is that in most cases, the use of humans is more cost-effective than mechanical approaches, even when using a robot is feasible. This ensures there's a place for students and professionals today and for the future in industrial automation.

A career in industrial automation means you get to use the latest computer technology to help design and build parts for all kinds of everyday products. In industrial automation, you can tailor your expertise to the automotive field, manufacturing industries, and other industries This means the business sectors and career options where you can apply your industrial automation training are virtually unmatched and endless.

The following types of individuals may be good candidates for a career in industrial automation:

* Students and professionals with interest or knowledge of artificial
intelligence.
* Individuals interested in cybernetics.
* Hardware architects, systems architects or people interested in hardware
architecture.
* Industrial engineering novices and professionals.
* Those with a desire to better understand machine-to-machine manufacturing
techniques, process control, working with robots.

Once you determine industrial automation is the field for you and you have an idea of what occupation within the industry you may want to pursue, you can begin your industrial automation training.

ITT Technical Institute, one of the credited and recommended industrial automation schools, not only has an in-depth industrial automation training that combines the fundamentals with the real-world, the institute also offers the option of taking certain required courses online, which makes it easy for you to balance your industrial automation training with your work and personal life.

Choosing a career in the field of industrial automation will put you on your way to a rewarding career in business sector that has literally helped build America. In this field, you may even have the opportunity to build products that change the ways in which we all live or perhaps the next great hybrid vehicle. Even if your biggest goal is simply to work hard in your career alongside robots and not necessarily to "reinvent the wheel" industrial automation training from ITT, one of the best industrial automation schools, can get you there.

Thursday, 5 March 2009

How Basic Costs Affect the Construction Industry: an Analysis

It’s a fact that most industries in the past decades have been suffering from the effects of inflation and never-ending rise of production costs. The construction and engineering industry has not been spared the dilemma. Aside from dealing with shortage in labor and manpower, material costs are also taking a toll on the productivity of the construction industry.

The worker shortage

Fewer employees might translate to more profit for some industries, but this is not the case for the construction industry. According to James R. Bogonet of Bogonet Construction Associates Inc., a D.C. firm that specializes in building and renovating interior office space:

"I've had to go out and work weekends to keep a project on schedule. The construction industry is suffering a severe worker shortage that is helping drive up the cost of development, including wages and office rental rates.”

The trend is continuous, because as early as year 2000 more than 240,000 jobs related to the construction industry are glossed over for higher-paying jobs. It’s a case of double jeopardy- if the firms do not pay enough, they don’t get staffed. But they lose immense profit when they do pay higher salaries to construction workers. The problem is cyclical.

Prices are going up, up, up…

According to Engineering News-Record, an industry publication: “National construction costs are up 2.3 percent this year.”

The problem calls for more capital outlay on the part of the clients, because to handle for the backlog due to shortage of workers and even tighter deadlines because of being understaffed, it takes $125-$150 to construct a single square foot of office space in the prime areas of United States.

This figure exponentially rises when we’re talking about the largest buildings and skyscrapers that are either leased or rented out to individual office-space holders.

Subcontractors decline

Smaller outfits are being more selective because of the relative shortage of manpower in the construction business. According to David Dempsey, a senior vice president for Spaulding & Slye Colliers, a development and construction group in the District:

"Ten years ago, if you put out a bid for masonry work, you might get twenty some responses. Today, you're lucky if you get six."

As we can see here, the construction industry is experiencing a very tight labor market. In the event that such labor conditions exists, every cost rises to match the unceasing demand. On the other hand, when labor is plenty, the prices drop because of the distributive quality of supply and demand scales.

According to Andrew Craig, vice president of construction and design for Staubach Co., an international commercial real estate brokerage:

"There is so much demand for development in this area that the problem takes on more urgency. We have to be more strategic, more nimble. They (the clients) want to know, `Why am I paying $50,000 for something I paid $30,000 for last year?' You have to help them understand what's happening in the marketplace.”

Craig’s analysis is quite dynamic because it highlights a basic truth about all industries- that in the end, if the market is sluggish, everything topples to the ground.

Experience The New Machineries Of Advantage Engineering Technology

Advantage Engineering Site Services is an associate company of Advantage Engineering Technology and specializes in the supply and erection of new and pre-used steel framed structure buildings. We also carry out refurbishment and modification to existing buildings. All designs can be customize to match customers specific applications.

Advantage Engineering are manufacturers, suppliers and installers of recycling machinery including horizontal balers, conveyors, shredders and related recycling and handling equipment, which is designed to assist in turning your waste into a sale able product as well as alleviating the cost of waste disposal.

Our machines are the product of over 30 years of experience and are of excellent build quality and robust construction; they are built to give many years of reliable operation. We can supply single items or a complete system of standard equipment and build customized versions to suit your personnel requirements if required.

As well as supplying new equipment Advantage Engineering have stocks of reconditioned pre-used equipment including Balers, Compactors, Conveyors, Shredders, Bin Lifter, skips and lifting attachments etc. which can if necessary be modified to suit your requirements. Our site services team, which covers the UK and Europe, can carry out installations and commissioning of the equipment including any site modifications to your premises if required. Please telephone or e-mail your inquiry for an up to date list and price of available equipment.

Is the product of over 20 years experience in the design and manufacture of machinery for the recycling market. Our balers and shredders are used in applications from paper, board, plastics, textiles, metals, special polymer foams and agricultural crops.

Whatever area you are interested in, we can tailor our solution to match your exact requirements.

Wednesday, 4 March 2009

Commitment Generates New Business

Neither the intention nor the strength of your commitment brings about the desired results. It is your actual actions that lead to achieving your goals

Total Commitment

Successful people commit beyond their goals.

They are usually totally committed to everything that they undertake...and once they have committed to performing a task or function...the actual completion is a foregone conclusion.

They neither try to do something..not give it their best shot...they simply do what they say they are going to do....and when they say they are going to do it.

In the simplest of terms, for successful people commitment is an automatic, habitual behavior.

If you want to achieve your specific results...either personally or in your business...a firm commitment to taking the necessary actions to achieve these results is the best if not only approach.

Gain A Competitive Advantage

Although most people would agree on the importance of total commitment, many people consistently fail to do what they said they were going to do.

Every day we are told that one person or another will call...but they either fail to call...or call long after they said they would.

In fact, so many people don't honor their commitments, that those who do are remembered and appreciated.

Just as we appreciate people who consistently honor their commitments so do clients. customers and do what they say they are going to do, when they say they are going to do it.

What better way to gain a competitive advantage than by simply honoring your promises?

And by doing it consistently, you will help differentiate yourself from your competitors whose commitment vanishes at the first sign of a crisis or new opportunity.

Taking Action

By definition, the term commitment means being bound to a course of action to bring about desired results. In other words, commitment is more about the actual actions than the intended actions.

By all means commit to your family, friends, clients, colleagues or community.

It is however neither the intention nor the strength of your commitment that brings about the desired results.

It is the actions you take that helps you achieve your goals.

Accounting Help That Keeps Your Business Growing And You Smiling Always

Does accounting problems keep you worried all the time? Do you have to spend most of your time trying to keep a track of how to handle your accounting work? Do you spend long hours just trying to make your balance sheet tally? Can you check a fraud and a theft by just browsing through your accounts sheets? If these questions bother you all the time then accounting help will be a boon to you and your business.

Accounting help services have grown by leap and bounds in recent times due to the professional help it brings for the business.

There are various advantages when one considers taking help from accounting help services.

1.They will have a professional giving you advice not only on how to handle the accounts and balance sheets but also on how to improve on the business to keep the profits coming. They will also tell you which accounting practices to follow keeping in mind the kind of business you have. This takes up almost half the worry you have when you sit to do the accounting work.

2.The cost incurred in taking help of an accounting help service is much less than hiring an actual professional to do the same job. This is because the professional hired will do the job only for the business while the accounting help services gives advice to multiple businesses, making their cost of services very low at the same time maintaining the professionalism.

3.Not only does it help in saving the added expenses but also helps in saving resources and man power by cutting down on salary and perquisites.

4.Accounting help services also make a daily report of the way the business is growing, the transactions that occur with particular clients and the recent trends and pattern the business makes. This helps review the business and grow avenues.

5.It also gives the other business followers such as shareholders, stakeholders, creditors and debtors a particular amount of faith in the business. Since it also gives transparency to the business it is very beneficial for income tax purpose.

6.It gives you the added time needed to think over the growth aspect of the business. It also rids you of a lot of mental trauma of dealing with figures and accounting procedures.

7.If your business is doing low in the times of recession the accounting help services offer sound advice on how to improve on the business or if it is more feasible to sell out the business. They also help you figure out how much the business is currently worth in this tough time of recession.

8.It is highly recommended for small businesses that face cut throat competition and have very small profit making margins. Since they don’t make enough money to support a full time professional, hence taking help from accounting services becomes mandatory.

The only disadvantage is the one might not like a third party reviewing the books of accounts of the firm. But this problem can be changed once you understand the business accounts are kept highly confidential.

Tuesday, 3 March 2009

Why Container Shipping & Storage Is So Convenient For You

There are several reasons you might choose container storage system for your self storage needs but two in particular reason stands out to me. It's got to be because I found them to be reasonably priced and relatively convenient. There was no truck to rent and my valuable time was saved from shopping around. Many companies have popped up in the market for this particular product so it's still wise to get several moving quotes.

The great feature I found with this type of storage was obviously the convenience and that you only have to handle your items really once. Once you have packed your container all you have to do next is call the company you leased the unit from and they come and pick up the container either at your home or office. How convenient is that system. I even put a small sports car into one unit because it was less expensive than having my car professionally shipped. The auto shipping quotes I received were outrageous.

Did I mention that after you pack the container you lock it up and keep the key with you? No one else will ever have access to your storage container. As an added security measure, Door to Door moving container companies place a tamper proof seal on each and every one of the containers. You can rest assured that your items are safe. Storage containers are stored in secure locations for your properties protection.

I feel that you would be quite satisfied with this kind of system. If you have never heard of this type of mobile storage don't worry yourself over it. It is a simple yet very effective idea that involves Door-to-Door storage and moving companies around the counter. The industry has brought you a storage container option system that you can bring to your home or place of business.

While Door to Door moving companies can schedule regular access to their storage facility, it's not just available like a traditional self storage site would be. Typically a two hour notice was needed for any unscheduled access. This option may not work for all businesses needing immediate access to important documentation that must be immediately accessed.

Because people need to store their sofas, beds, washer and dryers and everything else that comes in a house, it's important to be able to get these items arranged and stored properly. I advise you to search the internet for proper packing tips so it can save you a lot of time trying to figure it out. While you're at it I still do suggest that you get several moving and auto transporting quotes to save yourself a lot of time. It's all worth the money you can save in the end.

Monday, 2 March 2009

What Comes After The End

A new beginning always comes after an ending. We are on the threshold of a new awareness in human evolution. All the periods we have gone through have brought us to this place in time. Currently we are experiencing the ending of religion and the industrial revolution. They have taken us as far as they can.

We were taken in by the promise of peace on earth, good will to man, more leisure time to spend in relationships, recreation, and learning. None of these promises have been realized and it is obvious that neither of these systems will take us there. They have brought us to the precipice where it's time to change direction or take the final leap.

A box that is built from the outside-in can take you nowhere; because there is nowhere to go. Every box eventually runs out of energy; and for those who have built the box and gathered together the people in it; their last words of denial will fade as the box is emptied and collapses in on itself.

Four thousand years of religion gave people hope for a better future. But it has failed because it is based on promises not action or something observable, and it is controlled by those who would benefit the most. It was built into a very tight box that gave no room for growth, and eternal damnation for those who apposed.

Religion was never designed for intellectual people. It was sold through fear, because its promises could not be manifested or observed in this world. This life is the time and place where any belief system needs to prove itself. This is where the benefits need to be realized. We are spirit having a physical experience. We are not here to be spiritual, and this is where it all counts; where it's needed the most.

A few hundred years of industrialization has enslaved humanity in the pursuit of buying what they have built, with little time to enjoy the benefits of the machine. It is the machines who are enjoying the benefits as they interact with each other, while we humans slave away to support them.

It, like religion was sold to us. The promise of more free time and less labor has not materialized. The collapse of world markets and the monetary system is inevitable. In the game of monopoly, the objective is to own it all and along with that goes the bank. It is a dead end road. If one owns all the money it becomes worthless and there is no one to play with. Money only has value when it is spent. It is another box that is doomed from the beginning.

The only worthwhile box is one with a door and a window. An open system brings in new life, energy, and there is continuing growth. Take out the door and window and life is absorbed by the darkness. Every step must lead to the next and the path must be clear. Every idea must die and be replaced by another.

It is what we do; we are creators and there is no other purpose for our being. We are either creators or victims, but even in our victim hood we are creators of a greater picture of which we are willing supporters. We die when the idea dies unless we are willing to see through the window and walk through the door before the idea has run its course.

Has it not occurred to you that humanity moves very slowly in physical time and space? For thousands of years we have lived very simply. Up until just over 100 years ago, we lived primitively; using crude tools, using fire to light out homes and streets. We rode horses and used parchments or other people to communicate our thoughts to the rest of the world.

What happened in the last 100 years, where did all this new technology come from? How did man become so smart so quickly? There are people still living on dirt floors and drinking water from polluted streams with no light in their huts.

At the same time and space there are people watching TV, flying in space ships, and using computers to communicate with each other and their machines. Have you noticed that something is happening, and happening very quickly? Are you not the least curious? Do you know why this is happening?

There are thousands of people who are feeling the change. Is it just coincidence that in this same time frame there have been intuitive, artists, and writers who have noticed these changes? Are they alarmists or is there something to what they have to say. The change is real and it is observable; so something is different whether we choose to accept it or not.

The world is changing and we hear that all the time. But what does that mean and who is driving that change, and where is it all going?

It simply means that the dinosaurs are dying off. Those who would not change will be no more. Those who have a vision for the future will be part of the change. The world is changing because people's thoughts are changing. It is not God or anything outside of ourselves that will create the new world.

The world is the way it is now because of our thoughts and how we imagine it. Imagination is the inspiration for change. At some time we imagined the world as round with other continents and people and we demonstrated that. At sometime we imagined that we would sail into the skies and we created the ability to do that. We imagined other worlds and travelling into space and we are doing that.

Our thoughts about whom and what we are in relation to our environment brings about changes in it. We are creators; that is our sole purpose for being. If you insist on thinking so, then it was God who gave us this power. He gave us dominion over the earth and its beasts. However, in an enlightened state we know that we and God are the same thing; we are God having a physical experience.

In this state of change it will be the enlightened ones who determine our next step in evolution. It will be you and I who have imagined a better world, who will create it. It will be a world that is based on what works and what does not work; not right and wrong, good or bad. It will be created not by our five senses alone, but by our psychic abilities as well.

In the new world there will be no need for the things we used in the past. We will have greater awareness of our own ability to create on demand what we want and what we want to experience. This world will have no need for money, conflict or war. There will be a higher regard for our environment, and no need to horde abundance as what we want will be created on demand by ourselves, by using our creative abilities to manifest it.

All these things are possible and within our present ability to create them; unless you think not. And if you belief not; you will experience not.

Imagine your world; think about what you want to experience. Be creative and intelligent about what you really, really, really want. It is those who can do this; who will be part of it. Every one of us already know what we want. It is the bottom line, the root of our desires that will create them.

Is it happiness, security and freedom or is it things, guns and parent figures which we now have that we think we want to bring with us? Those must all be left behind; it is what we already have experienced that we want to move past. Old ideas will not build a new future.

This life is only one of many that you have already experienced and will be your step into a new future that you will also experience. Why not imagine it in your mind now. You are part of a process that creates worlds and universes. The world is the way it is now, because you are part of it. Take away one ingredient out of a recipe and it becomes something else. Every time someone dies or is born the world changes. You can change the future by changing the past. Imagine the future then return to the past to create it.

You are not as insignificant as you may think you are. Presently there are 6 billions minds experiencing the earth in 6 billion different ways. Your future will be likewise. Create your world now; don't wait for someone to give it to you. New experiences cannot be created using old thoughts. Move out of the box. Plan your creation, and have it ready for you when you return and are prepared to move in.

Your time has run out. Think about what has happened over the last 100 years; things are moving quickly now. You must prepare using a different thought about whom and what you are. You are God; how would you create your new world. If it is lasting happiness that we all want, then how would we demonstrate that happiness?

Be intelligent about it; for instance we know that wanting money and getting it, does not bring us happiness. We may get it under unhappy circumstances and may not live to enjoy it. Think about what you really want; the money or the happiness.

Remember the words of Albert Einstein "You cannot solve any problem in the same state of consciousness in which it was created."

Types Of Plastic Pipes And Their Uses

With the high price of plumbers it is understandable that so many people are now deciding that the do it yourself route is a far more affordable option. Plastic pipe is the perfect material for the job as even the lay man can manage to put together a piping system.

Naturally plastic pipe is an umbrella term that covers a number of different plastics, usually of the thermo variety but still disparate enough to note the differences. Here are some of the most popular plastic pipe variants used.

PVC or polyvinyl chloride is an extremely popular plastic in the piping world; it is extremely rigid and is adept at resisting many chemicals. The main form of welding is though solvents and is predominantly used for applications such as sewers, drain pipes and cold water pressurized water piping. It comes in a variety of different colors.

ABS or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene is used for many of the same purposes as PVC although its chemical resistance is lower and it is normally produced with a black coloration.

CPVC or chlorinated polyvinyl chloride is like PVC but stands up to high temperatures more effectively and hence is used for hot and cold water supply applications.

The previous three plastic pipe variants are all rigid whereas PB (polybutylene) and PE (polyethylene) are flexible; the former being rigid and used for the same purposes as CPVC and the latter being low cost. Both of these types are not joined with solvents but are instead formed with mechanical and clamped couplings.

In terms of buying the pipe for your plumbing needs pipes normally come in sizes along two lines, these being pipe sizes and tubing sizes. Pipe sizes relate to the old steel pipes while tube sizes relate to copper tube.

It is important to note that different plastic pipes should not be connected together, like for like connections are always advisable. Because the plastic pipe industry moves quickly it is important to recognize that building regulations should always be consulted before undertaking any work.

For instance regulations permit the use of CPVC and PB pipe for hot water applications. These two pipes are perfect for constructing in-home hot water systems as they are corrosion free and durable. It should be remembered however that this form of pipe should not be used for electrical grounding as it is non-conductive.

PVC pressure pipes should predominantly be used for cold water movement in outdoor areas; such as water sprinkling systems in gardens. PE pipe is similar although it is flexible rather than rigid, and is perfectly suited to deep piping well purposes.

There are two major methods of fitting piping systems together; these are solvent welding and mechanical coupling. Solvent welding is simple enough although care should be taken to carry out the task effectively to prevent any leaks. The pipe must be cut squarely, cleaned thoroughly, coated with solvent and then joined with the fitting piece.

It should be remembered however that cuts are final, there is no way back should you cut the pipe too short. Mechanical coupling however is used with plastic pipes that cannot be welded with solvents. Normally it requires a simple click into place as the fittings have barbs and clamps that prevent leaking.

Hopefully this information has given an idea on the types of plastic pipe out their and their uses. Additionally it is also hoped that the information on fitting will give DIY enthusiasts the knowledge that is needed to construct their own plumbing systems.

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